Standard Guide for Background Subtraction Techniques in Auger Electron Spectroscopy and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Abstract

5.1 Background subtraction techniques in AES were originally employed as a method of enhancement of the relatively weak Auger signals to distinguish them from the slowly varying background of secondary and backscattered electrons. Interest in obtaining useful information from the Auger peak line shape, concern for greater quantitative accuracy from Auger spectra, and improvements in data gathering techniques, have led to the development of various background subtraction techniques. 5.2 Similarly, the use of background subtraction techniques in XPS has evolved mainly from the interest in the determination of chemical states (from the binding-energy values for component peaks that may often overlap), greater quantitative accuracy from the XPS spectra, and improvements in data acquisition. Post-acquisition background subtraction is normally applied to XPS data. 5.3 The procedures outlined in Section 7 are popular in XPS and AES; less popular procedures and rarely used procedures are described in Sections 8 and 9, respectively. General reviews of background subtraction methods and curve-fitting techniques have been published elsewhere (1-5).4 5.4 Background subtraction is commonly performed prior to peak fitting, although it can be assessed (fitted) during peak fitting (active approach (6, 7)). Some commercial data analysis packages require background removal before peak fitting. Nevertheless, a measured spectral region consisting of one or more peaks and background intensities due to inelastic scattering, Bremsstrahlung (for XPS with unmonochromated X-ray sources), and scattered primary electrons (for AES) can often be satisfactorily represented by applying peak functions for each component with parameters for each one determined in a single least-squares fit. The choice of the background to be removed, if required or desired, before or during peak fitting is suggested by the experience of the analysts, the capabilities of the peak fitting software, and the peak complexity as noted above.